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Since the times of
the first
metalworking (third millenium BC) the land between two oceans
and two continents is a preferred target of many diverse people. The oldest
known monarchy of "Tartessos" originates
in the 11th century in southern Spain influenced
by the Phoenician and
the Greek. Agriculture and cattle breeding as well as mining
industry and gold processing are the dominating activities of their
trading civilisation.
They are followed by the Turdetanian,
an Iberian tribe, later the Carthaginias
found their own settlements.
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|
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2500
BC |
First
metalworking. |
|
11. - 6.
BC |
Kingdom
of "Tartessos". |
|
900
BC |
Phoenician
settle the Iberian peninsula and found Cádiz. |
|
8. Jh.
BC |
Foundation
of
Hispalis (Seville). |
|
600 BC
|
Greek
settlements along the Andalusian coast. |
|
500 BC
|
Carthaginian
(Punic) settlements |
|
264
BC
|
Begin
of the Punic War (1st). |
|
During the 3rd Century
BC the Romans
beat the Carthaginian in the two Punic Wars, found and
dominate
for the next 700 years the "Baetica" province. Andalusia supplies the Roman
Empire with food, oil, wine
and metal. The philosopher Seneca and the first two emperors
born outside of Rome come from Italica (near Seville): Trajan and Hadrian
. Since the 3rd Century Rome looks more and more to the eastern
world (Constantinople).
|
|
|
218 BC
|
Begin of the
Punic War (2nd). |
|
216 BC
|
Hispalis is
destructed by the Romans. |
|
205
BC
|
Scipio founds
Italica. |
|
19
BC
|
Foundation of
the "Baetica" province. |
|
98 - 117
|
Trajan: Roman
emperor, the first to be born outside Italy. |
|
117 - 138
|
Hadrian,
Trajan's nephew and successor as Roman
emperor. |
|
3rd
C.
|
Growing
influence of the Christian religion. |
|
With
the decline of Rome the Vandals, a northern Germanic people, conquer the
land and give it its name: "Vandalusia". Their
reign is of short duration, they are followed by the Visigoth,
who settle leaded by their king Alarich II. on the Iberian peninsula and
experience under the Christian bishops Leander and Isidor
their prospering period.
|
|
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409 - 429
|
Reign of the Vandals. |
|
476
|
Foundation of
the Visigoth Kongdom. |
|
484 - 507
|
King Alarich
2nd |
|
589
|
The Visigoth
convert to the Catholic belief. |
|
th-7th
C.
|
The bishops Leander
and Isidor are the main protagonists of the
Visigoth reign. |
|
At
the beginning of the 8th Century the Arab cross the street of Gibraltar and
spread fast on the Iberian peninsula. The independent Emirate Al-Andalus
and later the Caliphate
of Córdoba (challenging Bagdad) mark the blooming time of the Omayyade
dynasty and
thus the Arab culture in Andalusia. Córdoba becomes the center and
melting pot
of different cultures and religions. Trade, science, handicraft and
arts experience a long succeedful period. Starting from 1031 the Caliphate
disintegrates into small Islamic reigns. Almoravids and Almohads
(Berber) alternate their rulership until the 13th Century. After the
fall of Córdoba (1236) and Seville (1248) the Nasrid
Kings maintain their kingdom in Granada for two and a half
centuries more. The
last Moor king Boabdil hands over the city of Granada to the Catholic
Monarchs Isabel and Fernando in January 1492 and moves
to the Alpujarra mountains.
|
|
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711 - 716
|
Arab military
troops under Tarik-ibn-Ziyad conquer the
region. |
|
756
|
Abd ar-Rahman.I.
founds the Emirate of
Córdoba. |
|
929
|
Abd ar-Rahman III.
proclaims himself Caliph of Córdoba. |
|
1031
|
Decline of the
Caliphate. |
|
since
1086
|
Reign of the
Almoravids. |
|
Mid
12th C.
|
Reign of the
Almohads. |
|
1212
|
Christian
troops defeat the Almohads close to Las Navas de Tolosa. |
|
13th
C.
|
The Kastilian
rulers conquer large parts of Andalusia. |
|
1232 - 1492
|
Nasrid Kingdom
in Granada |
|
January
1492
|
Capitulation
of King Boabdil |
|
With
the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus begins the golden
age of Andalusia. Seville becomes the main place for all trading
activities with the West Indies and the cultural center of Spain.
Since 1503 Ships loaded with gold and silver from the
New World dock since 1503 in the port of Seville.
Unknown plants and food achieve to Europe and change
agricultural and nutrition habits of the
Europeans. Later Cádiz takes over the trade monopoly from Seville.
Under the strong influence of the Renaissance and the Baroque
are constructed cathedrals, churches, palaces, public buildings and
many new squares.
Political rivalries, economic mismanagement, the loss
of the hegemony on the oceans and the efects of four
epidemic pest deseases mark the beginning of the political
and economic decline of Seville and whole Spain in
the first half of the 17th Century.
|
|
|
Oct. 1492
|
Columbus
reaches the West Indies. |
|
1503
|
Seville has
the trade monopoly for the New World. |
|
1516
|
Charles V
inherits the Spanish crown: |
|
16th
C.
|
Suppression of
two Arab revolts |
|
1556
|
Philipp II
successor of Charles V. |
|
1588
|
The
"invincible" Spanish
"Armada" is destroyed by England. |
|
1609
|
Deportation of
the last Moors. |
|
1621
|
Philipp IV
accesses the throne. |
|
1641
|
Revolts in the
big Andalusian cities. |
|
1649
|
Seville loses
half of its population by the pest desease. |
|
1680
|
Cádiz obtains
the trade monopoly from Seville. |
|
Spain does not get out
of the crises. The 18th Century begins with the Spanish
War of succession, in whose
process Gibraltar becomes British. Philipp V, the first Bourbone on
the Spanish throne, lives a few years in Seville. The ideas of the
French Illustration (Illumination) have a notable
influence in the middle of the Century. Cádiz loses
the monopoly of the trade with the New World in 1788.
The 19th Century Andalusa is involved in the Napoleonic
Wars,
which impacts the entire continent. At the same time the Spanish
colonial empire declines and the conflicts about the succession of the Spanish throne
are violent as well. In the
mid of the Century Spain experience a time of social tensions and
upcoming liberal revolutionary ideas. The first
republic is restored after two years by the
monarchy. At the end of the 19th Century Andalusia suffers again some
revolts. The war against the USA marks the end of
the colonial empire. The Spanish crown loses Cuba, Puerto Rico and the
Philippines.
|
|
|
1701-15
|
Spanish War of
Succession. |
|
1704
|
Gibraltar
becomes British. |
|
1788
|
Cádiz loses
the monopoly for the trade with the New World. |
|
1808-14
|
Wars against Napoleon |
|
1812
|
First Spanish
Constitution (Cádiz). |
|
1834-39
|
Wars for the
Spanish throne. |
|
1873
|
First Spanish
Republic. |
|
1875
|
Restauration
of the monarchy under Alfonso XII |
|
1892
|
Revolts in Jerez
de la Frontera. |
|
1898
|
Lost of the
last Spanish colonies. |
|
In
the first half of the 20th Century Spain is
afflicted by social and political conflicts.
After the dictatorship of Primo de Riveras follows the Second
Republic. Spain does not participate in the two
World Wars, but since 1936 the Civil War destroys
large parts of the country. In his consequence the victorious
general Franco governs the country up to his death in the year
1975. The coronation of King Juan Carlos I and mainly the restauration of the democracy
open new
possibilities for the different regions. Andalusia receives the status of an autonomous region.
The economic and social progress of the sixties and
seventies is strengthened in southern Spain by the
boom of the tourism. The membershiop of Spain in the
European Community (Union) creates also new perspectives for the
Andalusian agricultural production.
|
|
|
1900-31
|
Period of
social and economic tensions. |
|
1923-30
|
Dictatorship
under General Primo de Rivera. |
|
1929
|
Ibero-American
world exposition in Seville. |
|
1931-36
|
2nd Republic. |
|
1936-39
|
Civil War. |
|
1939-75
|
Dictatorship
of General Franco. |
|
1975
|
Juan Carlos I.
King of Spain. |
|
1977
|
Free elections
in Spain. |
|
1982
|
Andalusia
receives the status of an autonomous region. Regional Parliament
elections. |
|
1986
|
Spain becomes
member of the European Community (Today:
European Union). |
|
1992
|
EXPO in Seville. |
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